World Reserve Currency Moving With Globalization Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 12 Words: 3741 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Over the past several decades, the U.S. dollar has enjoyed its status as the worlds most important and dominant reserve currency. Every major government and financial institution in the world now holds significant quantities of U.S. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "World Reserve Currency Moving With Globalization Finance Essay" essay for you Create order dollars as part of their foreign exchange reserves. However, are we seeing that the dollars role as the worlds dominant reserve currency may be coming to an end? But before getting into the details of Reserve currency and its evolution, let us take a walk into the fact that might draw the end of period of the dominance of US dollar. In 1965, the United States of America was the largest creditor nation in the world. Today, it is the worlds largest debtor nation. Figure 1: Brother, can you spare a couple billion? The most widely quoted figure for the debt of the United States is called the national public debt. U.S National Debt Clock in Manhattan quotes the figure currently at $12.311 trillion  [2]  . It has increased from $2.6 Billion to $12.311 trillion in the past 100 years. We will start analyzing this first by understanding what exactly is a reserve currency, its evolution and why does it matter? World Currency In the foreign exchange market and international finance, a world currency, supranational currency, or global currency refers to a currency in which the vast majority of international transactions take place and which serves as the worlds primary reserve currency  [3]  . Reserve Currency A reserve currency, or anchor currency, is a currency which is held in significant quantities by many governments and institutions as part of their foreign exchange reserves. It also tends to be the international pricing currency for products traded on a global market, such as oil, gold, etc  [4]  . It is held by central banks and other major financial institutions of different countries enabling them to pay off international debt obligations and influence their domestic exchange rate. Adding to this is the fact that Reserve currency allows the issuing country to purchase the commodities at a marginally lower rate than other nations. For major currencies, this transaction cost embedded in currency change is negligible with respect to the price of the commodity. The government issuing the currency will be able to borrow money at a better rate, as there will always be more liquid market for that currency than others. Evolution of Reserve Currency Spanish dollar: 17th-19th centuries The Spanish dollar (also known as the piece of eight, the real de a ocho or the eight-real coin) is a silver coin, worth eight reales, that was minted in the Spanish Empire after a Spanish currency reform in 1497. Because it was widely used in Europe, the Americas, and the Far East, it became the first world currency by the late 18th century. Many existing currencies, such as the Canadian dollar, United States dollar, and the Chinese yuan, as well as currencies in Latin America and the Philippine peso, were initially based on the Spanish dollar and other 8-reales coins  [5]  . Figure 2: Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Philip_V_Coin.jpg In the 17th and 18th century, the use of silver Spanish dollars or pieces of eight spread from the Spanish territories in the Americas westwards to Asia and eastwards to Europe forming the first ever worldwide currency  [6]  . There were 3 major reason that helped Spanish dollars entroute to being the World currency  [7]  : Spains political supremacy on the world stage The importance of Spanish commercial routes across the Atlantic and the Pacific The coins quality and purity of silver. 19th 20th centuries Before 1800s and during the same, most domestic currencies were dimensioned against Gold weights and International trade was designated in terms of these currencies which in turn stood for the weights of gold. The economic unit of account is a fixed weight of Gold. Hence, we can say that worlds first global currency was gold  [8]  . Three distinct kind of Gold standard prevails: Gold specie standard: System in which monetary unit is associated with circulating gold coins Gold exchange standard: Involve the circulation of silver coins, or coins made of other metals, but the authorities have guaranteed a fixed exchange rate with another country on the gold standard, creating a de facto gold standard Gold bullion standard: System in which instead of circulation of gold coins the authorities have agreed to sell gold bullion on demand at a fixed price Governments, especially during the War times, faced with the need to fund high levels of expenditure especially the milit ary expenditures, but with limited sources of tax revenue, suspended convertibility of currency into gold on a number of occasions. This lead to the collapse of International Gold standard and the emerging collapse around the time of World War I had substantial significances on global trade. After the Second World War, a system similar to a Gold Standard was established by the Bretton Woods Agreements  [9]  . Under this system, many countries fixed their exchange rates relative to the U.S. dollar. The U.S. promised to fix the price of gold at $35 per ounce and the exchange rates around the world were nailed against the United States dollar. United States Dollar became the dominant Global Currency and was characterized by the fact that it can be exchanged for a fixed amount of gold. But by 1970, with the repeal of Dollar reserves by French Government and by the tight Fiscal strain of federal expenditures for the Vietnam War, President Richard Nixon ended the direct convertibil ity of the dollar to gold in 1971, resulting in the systems breakdown, commonly known as the Nixon Shock  [10]  . Espousing the collapse of the fixed exchange rate regime, repeal of the gold standard and the institution of floating exchange rates as per the Smithsonian Agreement in 1971, most currencies around the world no longer are benchmarked against the United States dollar. Even then United States dollar got increasingly used as the main currency medium for conducting Global Trade. Factors influencing the decision of Central Bank of a country to hold a particular currency as Reserve Currency (Lim 2006 and Cohen 2000) Amount of World Output and trade: The larger the more likely it is that other countries will use it Macroeconomic and political stability, leading to stability in currencys value High degree of financial market development Network externalities emulating a self-generating demand for the currency Economic Reasons for United States Dollar becoming the Reserve Currency United Stated being the preeminent Economic superpower United States Dollar was stable in value and freely convertible. Convertible currency is any type of currency that can be quickly purchased or sold without the need to obtain permission from some sort of central bank. The convertible currency may be used to obtain other forms of currency, or utilized to purchase gold United States Dollar was less subject to exchange depreciation or exchange controls than other currencies New York offered a broad range of financial facilities for the short-term investment of reserve funds Because of the depth in the market, large purchases and sales of liquid financial assets in New York could be effected without sizable change in their prices No other financial market, except possibly that in London, offered comparable facilities. But Sterling appeared subject to the risks of both depreciation and of inconvertibility to a greater extent than the United States dollar Above all, the ability of United States financial facilities and capital market to meet the needs of other countries in a satisfactory way in which they can hold the reserve currency Benefits associated with United States Reserve Currency role A country, here in our case United States benefit immensely because United States dollar is the predominant reserve currency. The benefits associated are: United States benefits from the increased demand for the dollar that the reserve currency status creates. This increased demand in turn adds significantly to the value of United States Dollar Other countries give goods and services to United States in exchange for United States Dollars issued by the Federal Reserve Other Countries also lend the Dollars they have accumulated back to United States at low interest rates United States benefits from importing these goods and exporting its inflation to other countries in the form of depreciating dollars Improved efficiency of New York financial markets due to immense complexity arising of the opening up of financial markets across the word in tandem with globalization United States enjoy the luxury of having increased flexibility in financing United States payment def icits Costs associated with United States Reserve Currency role Restrain on Independent domestic monetary policies. Being the Reserve currency country United states have reduced ability to pursue an independent monetary policy, especially when the United States is in a recession Ineffectual intentional devaluation of United States Dollar. Even if United States wants to devalue their currency it is not possible as other countries also will devalue their domestic currency in the same proportion. United States is so important in Word trade that if there is a devaluation done by United States, other countries in order to preserve their international competition are succumbed to domestic currency devaluation Burden of supplying reserves to other countries and also the burden of maintaining a complex financial market system Last but not the least is the immense risk associated with a full flush out of United States Dollars by the countries having Dollars as currency reserve. This effects out as a sudden devaluation of the United States Dolla r coupled with loosing the benefits and status associated with the Stature of International Reserve currency Whether a Single Reserve Currency: An Economic Viability Figure 3: Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserve_currency In practice we can see that United States Dollar account for 64% of the Currency composition of official foreign exchange reserves. But on a theoretical front, economists have two opposing views on viability of a single reserve currency always dominate the global economy. YES View: Due to the presence of Network Externalities one currency will almost always dominate. Network externalities arise from the field of invoicing trade and denominating foreign debt securities. This means that there are strong incentives to conform to the choice that dominates the marketplace  [11] NO View: Economists such as Barry Eichengreen  [12]  differs from the view of existence of Network externalities since they are not substantial. As far as the currencys market is liquid, there is strong scope for reverse diversification and capital losses can be hedged against. The implication is that the world may soon move away from United States Dollar. Hartmann (1998) and Eichengreen (2005) point out that although some theoretical analyses based on network externalities in the use of money for transactions suggest that there will be only one international currency, this argument does not apply to the currency of denomination of reserves Is the World moving away from United States Dollar? More than 60% of the Worlds reserve currency is held in United States Dollars. Then why would Mr. Greenspan think that the euro might replace the dollar as the worlds predominant reserve currency? History Evidence As the world moved on with Globalization as one of the main drives, United States Dollar started facing serious challengers as a world currency. During the latter half of 1980s, the Japanese yen started appreciating from 225 Yen per Dollar in 1985 to 128 Yen in 1988. Also Yen started became increasingly used as an international currency. This period coined as the Japanese Asset Price Bubble lasted for a decade and after which as expected the world saw the Japanese Recession in 1990s. Thus we can see that Japanese Yen never posed real threat to the stature of United States Dollar as World Currency. More recently, the Euro has been gaining ground as reserve currency since it was introduced in 2002. Now, only seven years later, approximately more than one-fourth of the worlds reserve currency is held in Euros. Research Evidence Recent developments in international financial markets add pressure on the dollar. First, the emergence of the euro offers a serious alternative placement for foreign assets. Moreover, after a brief initial period, transaction costs in the euro currency markets have fallen drastically. Second, several other industrial countries currencies have also enhanced their liquidity and thus also offer attractive alternative assets for further diversification (Optimal Currency shares in International Reserves: The impact of Euro and the prospects for the Dollars by Elias Papaioannou, Richard Por tes and Gregorios Siourounis; European Central Bank, Working Paper series, Nov 2009) For determining the determinants of reserve composition researchers have done regression on actual currency shares on Macroeconomic, monetary and financial factors. Chinn and Frankel (2005) used aggregate IMF data to investigate determinants of the global composition of international reserves. Their projections su ggest that it will take at least 25 years for the euro to challenge the dominance of the dollar as a major reserve currency, unless there is a major deterioration in the stability of the dollar (depreciation, inflation) Dooley, Lizondo and Mathieson (1989) and more recently Eichengreen and Mathieson (2000) utilized confidential IMF data to investigate the high persistence. Both studies found that currency pegs, the direction of trade, and the currency of foreign debt can explain the high inertia in reserve composition The U.S. supply of liquidity to the world must be matched by comparable demand on the part of foreign investors (Stiglitz, 2006). United States need the cooperation of other nations. In effect other nations must realize trade surpluses and thus lend to the United States to finance its trade deficits. Because the United States is an important supplier of both reserve currency and assets for international reserves, it must issue monetary liabilities that are suffic iently attractive for acquisition by other nations. However United States Dollar does not fulfill all the prophesies for the stature of Reserve currency. The root cause for the same is the existence of huge debt burden. Americas $54 trillion financial obligation is almost 400% higher than estimates for 2008 U.S. GDP. In fact, the sum of these obligations is nearly the equivalent of estimates for 2008 world GDP. The sheer size of this financial responsibility is fair grounds to even question the solvency of the United States. Another important reason which can give immense pressure on the status is the fact that United States Dollars value is getting depreciated. Against major currencies, the dollar depreciated by about 33 percent during 2002-2009. The economic crisis of 2007-09 has created doubts about the stability of the structure of economy, capital market and United States Financial system. Aggravating this is the financial stimulus packages offered to overcome the crisis, wh ich in turn pushed up the inflation further debasing the United States Dollar value. China, which holds about 60 percent of its $2.273 trillion  [13]  foreign-exchange reserves in dollars, is especially vulnerable. China would like to diversify out of dollars, as seen in its decreased purchases of U.S. Treasury securities in 2009. Same is the case with Russia who criticizes United States of digging a hole with an economy based on huge deficits and massive borrowing, creating a cloud on Dollars future. Critics claim that claim that a credit-based reserve currency such as the dollar is inherently risky, facilitates global imbalances, and promotes the spread of financial crises. As a result, they argue that the dollar should no longer serve as the worlds reserve currency (Robert J. Carbaugh and David W. Hedrick, 2009). If the United States Dollar needs to be dethroned, who can be the next contender? EURO, YUAN or A new single Global Currency. Can Euro Supplant Dollar? IMF estimates suggest that since 2001 developing countries have reduced the share of dollar-denominated assets in their foreign-exchange reserves from 70 percent to 60 percent. Also at the same time they have increased the share of euro-denominated assets in their portfolio by nearly an equal amount. However, according to the IMF survey Developing countries are not dumping dollars. They continued to add dollars to their portfolios, but they have acquired Euros and British pounds at a faster rate. Figure 4: Source: International Monetary Fund, COFER data Money reduces the cost associated while economic exchange. The more widespread the currency is more valuable and more acceptable it will be for the country holding it. Thus the whole point of a currency capable of becoming a reserve currency stems from having a large domestic base. Euro has all the potential for this. United States has a population of 308 Million  [14]  and renders a GDP of around $14.4 trillion  [15]  . European Union encompasses of 27 nations, population of 501 million and renders a GDP of around $18 trillion  [16]  . Of the 27 nations, 14 have adopted Euro as the currency. Thus as more nations start adopting Euro the domestic base of Euro is going to increase. This makes Euro most attractive to peg against. Adding to this is the fact that the European financial market is deep and broad. Hence as seen in the trend and as we move ahead, foreign companies and governments will denominate more of their securities in Euros and foreign banks will give and make more loans in Euros. If European Union countries not currently using Euros (especially UK) accept Euros then by 2020 United States Dollar will loose dominance (Menzie Chinn Jeffrey Frankel, 2008). Arguments that goes against Euro taking dethroning United States Dollar as reserve currency United States Dollar enjoys the network externalities. It has got the inertia from being the mostly used currency in the International market United States Dollar market enjoys the advantage of being larger in size, credit quality and liquidity over the Euro market As seen with the Ups and Downs in the value of United States Dollar, even Euros value has fluctuated from $1.6 per Euro in 2008 to $1.3 per Euro in mid 2009 If United States if able to unwind its current macro-economic imbalances then United States Dollar value will increase and it will be difficult to dethrone the same from its stature Can the World accept Supranational currency (Single Global Currency)? International Monetary Fund Managing Director Dominique Strauss-Kahns vision of an IMF of 21st century is envisaging on the call to provide a globally issued reserve asset, similar to-but in important respects different from-the SDR (Address at the Annual Meeting of the Bretton Woods Committee in Washington, DC, Friday February 2010)  [17]  . A single global currency refers to a hypothetical single global currency or supercurrency, as the proposed terra or the Dey (acronym for Dollar Euro Yen)  [18]  , produced and supported by a central bank which is used for all transactions around the world, regardless of the nationality of the entities (individuals, corporations, governments, or other organizations) involved in the transaction. No such official currency currently exist  [19]  .The major push for the Single Global Currency came from Russia and China in March 2009, when the Kremlin  [20]  called for a supranational currency as part of the reform of the Global Fina ncial system. Later in the same month, Zhou Xiaochuan, President of the Peoples Bank of China, called for creative reform of the existing international monetary system towards an international reserve currency, conceiving it would significantly reduce the risks of a future crisis and enhance crisis management capability  [21]  . However there are both costs and benefits associated with the implementation of a Single Global Currency. The advantages of going for a single global economy are analyzed by Ratnam Alagiah in the paper Writing the Future: A theoretical Justification for a uniform and universal system of currency in accounting for inflation, Journal of Modern Accounting and Auditing, July 2009. He compares the benefits associated with signal world currency as with having a single domestic currency. The advantages gained are: Reduction of the inflation rate to one common rate (if required) among all states Possible reduced Interest rates Expansion in investment Increase in development and trade due to the removal of uncertainty Reduction in transaction cost Reduction in cost of capital (Moshirian, 2004, Page 306) Apart from the benefits, one positive factor which can drive the confidence in the emergence of the Single Global currency is the evolution of Euro. In the past, in the absence of the Euro, with the diverse currency regimes across Europe, financial institutions in Europe were more exposed to fluctuation from foreign exchange and foreign exchange risk than now. Thus, emergence of the Euro has been a step in the right direction. This step forward can be seen as a crusade of emergence of Single currency in the 21st century, creating right environment for all key stakeholders and players in an increasingly integrated global environment. While introduction of a Single Global Currency has lots of positive effects, the implementation of the same poses serious challenges and threats. The vast diversity in the existing nati onal political and economic system will create a stop block in the introduction meeting all the ends up. Other reasons impeding the evolutions are the loss of National monetary policy and religious difficulties. For Single Global Currency adoption to take place, as pointed by the theory of Optimum Currency  [22]  is the existence of Capital and Currency mobility. But Fariborz Moshirian in his paper, Global Financial Services and a Global single currency, Journal of Banking and Finance, August 2006, analyses that that a number of assumptions made as part of an optimum currency theorem are no longer relevant to the financial and economic forces that are in operation in the 21st century. It appears that labor immobility may not inhibit the process of financial integration amongst various developed and emerging countries, as capital mobility is ensuring that nations that are the recipients of foreign capital could develop their economies and increase their level of integration w ith the global economy. Denotations are that one hand while banks may loose some income due to less trading in foreign exchange, lower interest rates, lower inflation and more business predictability, banks will benefit from better investment opportunities, more dynamic growth, demanding more credit but at lesser credit risk. Will YUAN be the next reserve currency? TBD: To be completed in the Main Final Project report. Here I will be giving insights about whether Chinese Yuan has the potential of being the next world currency and if not what are the reasons. Also I will provide facts about whether it can fulfill the prophesies for the stature in the near future. TBD: If the World can accept a single Global Currency, How will be the International Market articulate the phasing out scheme of the current Reserve currency, United States Dollar. By taking inputs from the Research Paper, Can SDRs and a Reserve Currency Coexist? by Henry N. Goldstein, I will try to analyze the possibility of an exist phase where there is diminishing amounts of United States Dollars, Euro, YEN, YUAN and other currencies, while at the same time increasing amounts of Single Global Currency.

Heap vs. Stack for Delphi Developers

Call the function DoStackOverflow once from your code and youll get the EStackOverflow error raised by Delphi with the message stack overflow. ​function DoStackOverflow : integer;begin result : 1 DoStackOverflow;end; What is this stack and why there is an overflow there using the code above? So, the DoStackOverflow function is recursively calling itself -- without an exit strategy -- it just keeps on spinning and never exits. A quick fix, you would do, is to clear the obvious bug you have, and ensure the function exists at some point (so your code can continue executing from where you have called the function). You move on, and you never look back, not caring about the bug/exception as it is now solved. Yet, the question remains: what is this stack and why is there an overflow? Memory in Your Delphi Applications When you start programming in Delphi, you might experience bug like the one above, you would solve it and move on. This one is related to memory allocation. Most of the time you would not care about memory allocation as long as you free what you create. As you gain more experience in Delphi, you start creating your own classes, instantiate them, care about memory management and alike. You will get to the point where you will read, in the Help, something like Local variables (declared within procedures and functions) reside in an applications stack. and also Classes are reference types, so they are not copied on assignment, they are passed by reference, and they are allocated on the heap. So, what is stack and what is heap? Stack vs. Heap Running your application on Windows, there are three areas in the memory where your application stores data: global memory, heap, and stack. Global variables (their values/data) are stored in the global memory. The memory for global variables is reserved by your application when the program starts and remains allocated until your program terminates. The memory for global variables is called data segment. Since global memory is only once allocated and freed at program termination, we do not care about it in this article. Stack and heap are where dynamic memory allocation takes place: when you create a variable for a function, when you create an instance of a class when you send parameters to a function and use/pass its result value. What Is Stack? When you declare a variable inside a function, the memory required to hold the variable is allocated from the stack. You simply write var x: integer, use x in your function, and when the function exits, you do not care about memory allocation nor freeing. When the variable goes out of scope (code exits the function), the memory which was taken on the stack is freed. The stack memory is allocated dynamically using the LIFO (last in first out) approach. In Delphi programs, stack memory is used by Local routine (method, procedure, function) variables.Routine parameters and return types.Windows API function calls.Records (this is why you do not have to explicitly create an instance of a record type). You do not have to explicitly free the memory on the stack, as the memory is auto-magically allocated for you when you, for example, declare a local variable to a function. When the function exits (sometimes even before due to Delphi compiler optimization) the memory for the variable will be auto-magically freed. Stack memory size is, by default, large enough for your (as complex as they are) Delphi programs. The Maximum Stack Size and Minimum Stack Size values on the Linker options for your project specify default values -- in 99.99% you would not need to alter this. Think of a stack as a pile of memory blocks. When you declare/use a local variable, Delphi memory manager will pick the block from the top, use it, and when no longer needed it will be returned back to the stack. Having local variable memory used from the stack, local variables are not initialized when declared. Declare a variable var x: integer in some function and just try reading the value when you enter the function -- x will have some weird non-zero value. So, always initialize (or set value) to your local variables before you read their value. Due to LIFO, stack (memory allocation) operations are fast as only a few operations (push, pop) are required to manage a stack. What Is  Heap? A heap is a region of memory in which dynamically allocated memory is stored. When you create an instance of a class, the memory is allocated from the heap. In Delphi programs, heap memory is used by/when Creating an instance of a class.Creating and resizing dynamic arrays.Explicitly allocating memory using GetMem, FreeMem, New and Dispose().Using ANSI/wide/Unicode strings, variants, interfaces (managed automatically by Delphi). Heap memory has no nice layout where there would be some order is allocating blocks of memory. Heap looks like a can of marbles. Memory allocation from the heap is random, a block from here than a block from there. Thus, heap operations are a bit slower than those on the stack. When you ask for a new memory block (i.e. create an instance of a class), Delphi memory manager will handle this for you: youll get a new memory block or a used and discarded one. The heap consists of all virtual memory (RAM and disk space). Manually Allocating Memory Now that all about memory is clear, you can safely (in most cases) ignore the above and simply continue writing Delphi programs as you did yesterday. Of course, you should be aware of when and how to manually allocate/free memory. The EStackOverflow (from the beginning of the article) was raised because with each call to DoStackOverflow a new segment of memory has been used from the stack and stack has limitations. As simple as that.

Capital Punishment The Death Penalty - 1870 Words

Capital punishment has been a piece of human culture for an extended period of time. It is viewed as an important deterrent to perilous crimes and the simplest way to liberate the public from lawbreakers who are dangerous. Many people are confused whether or not capital punishment – the death penalty – should still be appropriate to be used today. Should Christians support capital punishment – the death penalty? Some Christians think the Bible tells all about this issue, but there are others that believe the ethic of love in the New Testament takes the place of the law of the Old Testament (Lee 1). There are many verses in both the New and Old Testament that support the death penalty. There are also many arguments that oppose the death penalty. Many Christians do not understand that the death penalty was first seen in the acts of God, Himself, immediately after Noah disembarked the Ark. God eradicated all human beings and animal life other than that which was on the Ark. God found it necessary to begin the human race over due to violence throughout the world, by using Noah and his family, and put the death penalty into action by the birth of a new civilization. God used capital punishment to handle the sins of Israel and the sins of the populace of neighboring Israel. Either personally or indirectly God participated in the death penalty as discipline for Israel and for those that endangered or hurt Israel. There are many examples of capital punishment in theShow MoreRelatedCapital Punishment : The Death Penalty1482 Words   |  6 PagesMrs. McElmoyl 12/12/14 Capital Punishment As stated by former governor of New York, Mario M. Cuomo, Always I have concluded the death penalty is wrong because it lowers us all; it is a surrender to the worst that is in us; it uses a power- the official power to kill by execution- that has never brought back a life, need inspired anything but hate. 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Some may say CapitalRead MoreThe Death Penalty And Capital Punishment1569 Words   |  7 Pagesthe death penalty also referred to as capital punishment. The death penalty is both useless and harmful to not only criminals but also their potential victims. This paper uses these horrific facts to try and convince the reader that the death penalty should be done away with before it is too late, although that time may have already come. With supporting evidence to support my cause, I hope that the following information sways at least one reader to see the harm of keeping the death penalty an activeRead MoreCapital Punishment And The Death Penalty1235 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is capital punishment? Why do people support it, but yet people cherish lives? Is it a moral thing to do? Should one be for or against the Death Penalty? Let’s take a look deep into the world of justices and why capital punishment still exists in today’s society. 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Currently, there 32 states still supporting the death penalty and 18Read MoreThe Death Penalty Of Capital Punishment1480 Words   |  6 Pagesjustice system, such as the death penalty. Capital punishment has been used many times in history all around the world, and it was quite popular. Many people argue that capital punishment is useful in deterring crime and that it is only fair that criminals receive death as punishment for a heinous crim e. On the contrary, others see the death penalty as a violation of the 8th amendment. It restricts excessive fines, and it also does not allow cruel and unusual punishment to be inflicted upon criminals

Time Commitment A Personal Experience - 1270 Words

†¢ Able to set up room †¢ Transport supplies from the NAMI Ventura office to the workshop site †¢ Maintain records/reports as needed such as attendance in a timely manner †¢ Teach and Facilitate discussions †¢ Be a liaison with staff Training: 2.5-day training workshop Time Commitment: 2 6-week session per year Stipend Available: No Peer-to-Peer mentor Purpose: To mentor people with lived experiences Requirements: †¢ Personal experience having a mental illness and living well in recovery †¢ Willingness to share one’s own experience with course participants †¢ Participation in Peer-to-peer course †¢ Attend all NAMI training courses and refreshers †¢ Willingness to follow the established curriculum †¢ Comfortable with public speaking and facilitating†¦show more content†¦Requirements: †¢ Comfortable speaking in front of groups †¢ Knowledgeable of NAMI Mission †¢ Willing to share personal lived experience Tasks: †¢ Able to set up room including checking audio/video equipment †¢ Transport supplies from the NAMI Ventura office to presentation site †¢ Maintain records/reports as needed such as attendance in a timely manner †¢ Teach and facilitate discussions Training: 2.5 day training workshop Time Commitment: Varies Stipend: Yes Support Facilitators NAMI support groups offer opportunities for families and people with lived experiences to share challenges, concerns and victories in a safe, encouraging environment. 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A Review of Hunger Games by Suzanne Collins Free Essays

string(66) " them look good so they grabbed hands and raised them in the air\." Keri Momon Period 3 English Title: The Hunger Games Author: Suzanne Collins Type of literary material: science fiction- adventure, action, suspense, drama Setting: time-future, place- Panem (the future untied states) Main Character: A. Katniss Everdeen- she is the very main character in the story B. Peeta Mellark-he is the bakers son C. We will write a custom essay sample on A Review of Hunger Games by Suzanne Collins or any similar topic only for you Order Now Haymitch-he is the town drunk Point of View- first person because the main character is telling the whole story. Conflicts- man vs. man Man vs. himself Man vs. the supernatural/ the unnatural Plot – Introduction- in district 12 in the country of Panem lives Katniss Everdeen, Peeta Mellark, and Haymitch Narrative Hook- Primrose Everdeen (Katniss little sister) is called as a tribute for the hunger games. Katniss panics to the thought of her little sister being in the hunger games and volunteers as tribute so her sister won’t have to go. Rising Action- Katniss and Peeta and Haymitch are talking about ways to survive in the hunger games on the train. They get dressed up for the ceremony and for the interviews. Then they train with the other tributes, then go and get rated for the judges. Climax –when they enter the hunger games and fight to the death with the other tributes Falling Action- When they get interviewed for the last time gets on the train and go home. Resolution- when they arrive home back in district 12 The Hunger Games (Introduction) In district 12 nicked named the Seam is a girl names Katniss Everdeen. She wakes up and goes into the wood with her bow and arrow as her usual routine. She crawls under the gate and starts looking for game. And in the woods waiting for her was her best friend Gale. They sat down and enjoyed some bread that Gale scored from the baker and the cheese Prim left for Katniss. While they were eating they made fun the Capitals accents. After they gathered up their game they went into the Hob and trade then went home to get ready for the reaping. Katniss came home took a bath and got dressed in one of her mother’s dresses. When they got to the reaping they are separated by age and gender. After they show the video of the dark days of the uprising in district 13 which led to the hunger games to show that the Capital is always in power. A woman from the capitol named Effie Trinket who draws the names for the hunger games. Narrative Hook) Effie draws the first name from the girls bowl and read it out loud. The name was Primrose Everdeen. As Prim slowly made her way to the stage Katniss started to panic and ran to grab her sister. But the guard grabbed her before she could reach Prim. Then out of fear she found herself yelling† I VOLUNTEER†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ I volunteer as tribute†. They finally let her go to grab Prim. Gal had to come get Prim bec ause she kept refusing to leave. Katniss slowly took her place on the stage. Then the name was called for the boys. The name she pulled out was Peeta Mellark. She asked for volunteers but no one stepped forward. Katniss saw him and remembered when her family was slowly starving to death and she was lying in the rain. Peeta came out side to throw some bread he burnt then he saw her and threw her the two loaves of bread and went back into the bakery. She quickly lost her concern for she knew in time she would have to face him the Hunger Games. After the anthem a group of Peace Keepers took them into the Justice Building for their last goodbyes. After that they headed for the train to head for the capital. After they got on the train and took off they got ready for supper. When they arrived at the dinner table they realized Haymitch (the previous victor of the hunger games) wasn’t there. So they got started eating anyway. When Haymitch finally came, he vomited on the floor. So Katniss and Peeta carried him to his room, into the bathroom, and turns on the shower. But when Katniss tries to help clean him up Peeta says it’s ok and tells her she can go. So she went to her room, took off her clothes and hopped into bed thinking Peeta being kind is just a strategy to trick her in the games and make her an easy target. When she wakes up she goes in the dining hall and starts her breakfast. After the drama is over Haymitch promises that he will stay sober enough to help them if they don’t interfere with his drinking. They all agree. After they pass through the tunnel they see the Capitol and in no time they arrive at the train station. They instantly token by their stylist and they get started on prepping for the ceremony. After they’re done they take her in the remake center so she can wait for her main stylist. She waits about three hours until he finally arrives. She is so surprised by how normal he looks compared to the other citizens in the Capitol. He introduces himself then starts to observe her look. They go into a room and talk over lunch. After lunch he gets her into her outfit. Then once Cinna is done with her makeup she meets Peeta at their chariots where the other tributes are. Then Cinna and Peeta stylist explain how they are going to light up their outfits with a fake fire. Once the chariots went out one by one finally it was their turn to go out. As they rolled out Katniss got a look of herself on the projector and realized how breath taking she looked. Then felt Peeta’s hand slowly moving toward hers. She pulled away then Peeta said it would make them look good so they grabbed hands and raised them in the air. You read "A Review of Hunger Games by Suzanne Collins" in category "Essay examples" As she heard them chanting her name she knew Cinna was right†¦ she was the girl on fire. The next day they begin to talk over dinner about the ceremony and what strategies they will have in the games. After dinner Katniss and Peeta go up to the roof and begin to talk. Peeta shows Katniss the garden and after they get done talking Peeta takes Katniss back to her room then he leaves. Katniss wakes up from her disturbing dreams, drags herself out of bed, and goes to eat breakfast. Eventually Peeta and Haymitch come in and start talking about each other’s strategies and what they’re supposed to do at training. When they get to the training center they get started learning survival skills Katniss goes over to the camouflage station and finds Peeta. She realized how talented he was. He told her he learned from doing all those cakes in the bakery. Finally the day for the game maker’s judges the tributes on their skills. It came the time when they summoned Peeta. And finally it was Katniss turn to go in and be judge. She grabbed the bow and arrow and tries to concentrate. Katniss aims the arrow and shoots. The arrow didn’t hit any part of the body. In response the game makers starts to laugh and ignores her. She tries again and she hits the target right where heart is. In excitement she has a big smile on her face but then it fades when she realized the game makers didn’t even see what she did. They were too busy looking and admiring the roasted pig in front of them. In a sensation of anger she aimed the arrow and shot it straight through the group of game makers and hit right in the middle of the apple in the pigs mouth. The games were speechless. To end the silence Katniss said â€Å"Thank you for your consideration†. Then she left without being dismissed. After Katniss left, she started to panic. A novel of thought went through her mind and what’s going to happen. When she entered the room to eat, everybody wanted to know what Peeta and Katniss did. Peeta told them what he did then they turned to Katniss for her explanation. She told them what she did. Everyone was kind of over reacting except Haymitch. He simply got her to say what she did them he just finished eating. Then came the time to see what all the tributes were rated. They went district by district, tribute by tribute. Then it was finally got to Peeta and Katniss. The tributes are rated on a scale from 1 to 12. Peeta was rated an 8. He was surprised but everyone cheered when they saw that Katniss was rated an 11. They started to get ready for the interview. Haymitch starts talking to Katniss about how she is going to steal the audience. After that she spent most of the day getting prepped up by Cinna. Finally she saw herself and that she was as radiant as the sun. When she arrived she saw Peeta and Haymitch and Haymitch had to remind both of them that they are still friends. The order the interviews went was girl then boy, first to last district. Finally it was Katniss turn for her interview. She slowly made her way to the seat. The interviewers name was Caesar Flickerman. He asked her what was her favorite thing about the Capitol and she said the lamb stew. From then through the rest of the interview they loved her. When she left she watched Peeta’s interview. As she watched she saw he was natural speaker. But as she watched she heard something so stunning it was unreal. Caesar asked Peeta if he had a special girl back in district 12. At first he said no but then he said there was a girl he had a crush on for the longest. Caesar said if he wins the hunger games she will have no choice but to go out with him. Then Peeta said that won’t be any help. (Climax) Caesar asked why and Peeta said because she came with him here. Katniss was speechless but filled with rage. So when they got to their floor out of anger Katniss pushed Peeta and he feel down on a broken urn and his hands were filled with the broken pieces. She started yelling at him. Then Haymitch, Effie, Cinna, and Portia came in asking what happened and after everything was said and done they all agreed that Katniss and Peeta would be star-crossed lovers. Then they went to eat dinner. The next day they were going to arrive at the hunger games. Each tribute is put in a separate room with their stylist. So after they land Katniss meets Cinna in their room and after she’s ready and ate a little food Cinna says his final words then Katniss goes into the cylinder and she lifted up where the other tributes are on their own metal plate. Then a voice announces â€Å"Ladies and gentlemen, let the Seventy-fourth Hunger Games begin! † The tributes have to wait 60 seconds before they can run and start. Katniss sees the bow and arrow but by the look on Peeta’s face she knew he was giving her the look that says† Don’t go for the bow and arrow†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ DON’T, NO†. The gong rings and she realized that she missed her chance, so she goes for the first thing she sees. She goes for the backpack that she had to race to get from a boy in district 9. When she gets it she takes off in the woods. When she gets settled she didn’t see any sign of water so she settled in a tree she sees how many kids died that day then wondering what happened to Peeta because he is still alive. The next day she looks for game then she takes a nap and a sound awakes her†¦.. A snapping sound. Then she sees a fire. She realizes that a tribute had lit a fire. Then she sees some careers that had obviously made an alliance kill the tribute that made the fire. Then she hears them talking about her saying they need to find her, then she an extra voice. She almost fell out tree when she realizes that voice belonged to Peeta. She hears them saying why don’t they just kill him. The leader from district 2 says that he is the only way to finding her. She realized that the think if she looks for him they can find her and kill her. Her instincts tell her to forget about him. After they leave she goes and cooks a rabbit. After she eats half of it she goes and looks for some water. After pretty much a whole day she has no luck until she sees a bush of berries. After she grabs some and about to eat them she gets s good look at them, opens it up and sees the juice is blood red. So she tosses them and keeps moving. She climbs a tree and looks for signs of water but sees nothing but the same unending trees. She keeps walking until she is stumbling to the ground. So she climbs into a tree and goes to sleep. She wakes up with pain in her joints with every movement. When she falls on to the ground she feels mud then thinks of the sent she smells. Then all of a sudden she realizes that a pond is nearby. She crawls into the pond and downs as much as she can then fill her jug fill of water, and then goes into a tree. A few hours later she wakes up to a stampede of feet running. She look up and sees what their running from. It’s a forest fire. She quickly got out of the tree, grabs her thing and takes off. As she’s running she thinks to herself that this fire must be the game makers doing. She runs and takes cover on a stone to catch her breath. Then suddenly a fire ball hits right where she was lying. She jumped right before it could hit her. Katniss keeps running until a fireball almost hits her but she dodges it but not soon enough. Her calf is screaming with pain. After a while of wondering the pack of careers spot her. She climbs the tree and wakes for them to kill her. But when of then try to climb the tree he falls. She realizes that they are too heavy to climb the tree. In response she starts to mock and tease them. After a while they make a fire and sleep around the tree. When night time falls Katniss sees a pair of eyes looking at her. First she thinks it’s an animal but she takes a closer look then sees it’s the little girl from district 11. It was Rue looking at her. And she’s pointing at something above Katniss’s head. She looks up and sees there’s a trackerjacker nest above her head. She was about to saw it down but she decided to wait till morning. When goes back down to her sleeping bag she sees there is something on her stuff waiting for her. She knows it’s a sponsor when is in her sleeping bag. After she opens it up she sees it’s a burn medicine. She was relieved and applied it to her wound. When she’s done, she falls asleep. When she wakes up, she looks at her leg and sees that it’s almost healed. Then she gets up and starts sawing the branch with the nest on it. In the process she gets stung by three trackerjackers. But finally the nest falls and sends the careers running. A tribute named Glimmer died from all the trackerjacker stings. When Katniss climbs down the tree she sees that the dead tribute had the bow and arrows. She grabs them and a ball of relief rolled off of her shoulder. After she got the bow and arrow and walked around for a little while the hallucinations started and out of a blur Peeta comes out limping yelling at her. He was yelling at her to go and runaway. He pushed her and she barely ran but then she fell and passed out on a log. When Katniss awake she finally was relieved that the hallucinations and the venom had both drained from her system. Then she saw a little person standing behind a tree. It was Rue. When she came out and explained how she helped to get the venom out of the stings. Them they gathered some food, ate then developed a plan on how to weaken the careers. Then they both realized one thing the careers needed. They needed food. So the mad a plan to get rid of all their food. So they made a signal to tell each other that they are ok. So Katniss and Rue started the plan. Katniss went to where the careers were at. Rue set the distraction and Katniss went into action. She was going to hit the bag of apples with her arrow and blow the mines that were buried and will blow up all their food. So she waited until Rue started and when they left she shot her arrow and blew up everything. When the food blew up Katniss was blown back and hit the ground. When she got up she realized that she couldn’t hear out of her left ear. But eventually she got up and sent the signal to tell Rue that she was alright. As she ran through the forest she never heard the signal back and so she started to panic. Then finally after all the searching she heard the signal from Rue that meant she was alright. So she followed the sound of the signals. Then all of a sudden she heard a frightening scream. It was a child scream and she knew it came from Rue. So she yelled her name until she responded. Then Rue yelled Katniss name and so eventually she found Rue. She found her trapped in a net. But when she grabbed Rue out of the net and hugged her, a fellow tribute had set up this trap. He threw the spear but Katniss dodged it and killed him with an arrow. But Rue wasn’t so lucky. When Katniss turned around she saw that the spear he threw entered Rues body. After Katniss saw what happened she took Rue laid her on the ground. Rue asks her if she blew up the food and told her that she had to win. And finally Rue asked Katniss if she could sing to her and she did until the cannon shot telling Katniss that Rue was dead. But instead she wanted to show that Rues death just didn’t mean anything. So Katniss arranged flowers all around Rues body because she knew that all the cameras were on her. After she got up she put up 3 fingers which meant that a loved one would be missed. So she left and sat down and cried. Then she climbed up in a tree then she heard an announcement from the game makers. They said there were changes in the ruling of the games. They said there can be two victors of the games if they were from the same district. Katniss took a minute to take the news in and without thinking she started yelling Peetas name. When she realized what she did she put her hands over her mouth. But still in excitement she started to climb down the tree but decided to wait till morning. The next day she started the search for Peeta. She started looking for him and while looking she saw something. She saw some blood and followed the trail. Eventually she made it to the lake and as she was stepping toward the water she heard a voice. It was Peetas voice. She looked down and saw nothing but then Peeta smiled and she saw that he had made a camouflage to blend into the bolder. So she got up cleaned him up and started looking at his wound. He had a deep cut in his upper left leg. She realizes how sick he was when he tells her that he hasn’t been hungry for days so she gets him to eat some dried apples then decides to clean her wound. She takes off his shoes, socks, and pants and sees how bad it is. The cut is oozing both blood and pus also his leg is swollen. So she pours water over the cut but it begins to look even worse so she makes him eat some dry fruit and she goes and washes the rest of his clothes. Then she chews up some leaves that gets rid of infections and puts them on his cut and the pus begins to drain out of his leg and she think that’s good. After she cleaned his clothes and lets him rest for a while they looked for a new place to rest. So they find a cave like structure to settle in. She kisses him then goes outside and sees that Haymitch left some broth. Then she practically kisses him awake then gives him the broth that Haymitch sent him. After she makes him drink the broth they go to sleep. That morning she gets up and gets some berries and when she returns he was up and was about to go looking for her. She sat him down and fed him the berries then he told her she needed to rest so he made her sleep. When she woke up she realized how long she slept but it didn’t matter so she tended to his minor wounds then his cut. When she looked at it her heart dropped. The pus was gone but the swelling had increased, his skin was tight and there were red streaks crawling up his leg. He had blood poisoning. He realizes it to but she doesn’t want to talk about. She makes him some soup but he doesn’t want any although he does want to hear a story. So she tells him the time on how she got her little sister Prims goat. Then there’s another announcement. There was going to be a feast which means each tribute needs something so they are going to leave it in the middle of the arena tomorrow. Katniss lies and says she wasn’t going but he knew she was and that if she goes he will go too. Then she says ok and goes to clean herself up then sees the sponsor Haymitch sent her. She got excited but then saw it wasn’t his medicine but a small bottle of sleeping syrup. So she mixed it up with some berries to feed to him. As he was eating it he thought they were really sweet then realized what was in the berries but it was too late. He already started losing consciousness. And even when he was going down Katniss could tell by the look on his face she had done something unforgiveable. She gathered her things and went to go get the medicine. When she got there she observed the area for a while. Then the girl from district 5 ran out got her bag and left. So Katniss went to get her bag but Clove came hit her with a knife and pinned her to the ground. She told Katniss that they had planned to kill Rue. Then Thresh the other tribute from Rues district came and grabbed Clove and started yelling saying â€Å"did you kill her†. Clove yelled Cato’s name and he yelled her name back but Thresh already started beating her heard with a stone until her heard was dented. He looks at Katniss and said â€Å"I’ll let you go this time for Rue†. Katniss ran back to the cave, gave Peeta the shot, and then passed out. When she regained consciousness Peeta is looking at her in relief. They ate the rest of the food, laid down, and began to talk. Katniss act him when did he start liking her. He told her the whole story on how he first saw her when she was 5 and how she sang in music class and from then on he watched her walk home every single day. Then right when they were about to kiss a sound scares then. Peeta goes outside and Haymitch sent them a feast to eat. After they eat and talk a little more Peeta tells Katniss that Thresh is dead. After Peeta comforts Katniss and they go to sleep, the next day they went hunting and gathering. Before Katniss leaves Peeta she tells him to look for roots and berries. When she was hunting she went back looking for Peeta and saw the apple and cheese was gone. When she found him she started yelling at him for eating the food and he said he didn’t do it and that the berries he found were toxic. Then the cannon went off and then they saw the girl from district 5’s body then realized that she ate the poisonous berries and the food. After talking for a little bit they realize that fox faces death wasn’t a good thing. Now that Cato knows she’s dead he will come looking for them. So they decide to look for another form of shelter. So they get their stuff and look for a place but then they just go to the cave. But they sit in the open waiting for Cato and when they see him he is running toward then with some type of armor but his speed doesn’t slow down and as he passes them Katniss notices the creature he is running from and their about a half a dozen more. So Katniss takes off with intentions of only saving herself As Katniss is running she turns around remembering that she left Peeta with his bad leg. So she grabs him and follows Cato to the Cornucopia. They climb to the top and then Cato tells them that the creatures can climb. When Katniss looked down at the mutts and recognized the features on it. It had blonde hair, green eyes, and the number 1 on its collar. Then Katniss realized that it’s Glimmer. She starts looking at all the other mutts and notices all of them were the tributes that died. She even notices the smallest on. It had curly brown and big brown eyes. She knew it was Rue. When she pulled Peeta up Cato grabbed him and Katniss aimed his arrow at him but he said if she shoots him Peeta will die with him. But Katniss shoots his hand but she grabs Peeta before he could fall. Cato fall into the pack of mutts and because of the armor it was taking a long time and he was suffering so Katniss shot an arrow at his head. Then the mutts ran off. They were happy and relieved until an announcement was made. They said that the rules had changed back to normal and that there can be only one victor. Peeta said he should be the one to die but Katniss had an idea. She pulled out the night lock she had saved and said they will both die and they counted to three and just as they raised the night lock to their lips the announcer said stop and announced that they were the Seventy-fourth annual Hunger Games victors. As they went up into the hovercraft Katniss would not let go of Peeta, but when there on board Peeta falls to the ground unconscious. They took him to a table and started working on his leg. They place Katniss behind a door where she yells until they land and they jab a needle in her. When she wakes up, she finds herself in a room with no windows or doors are visible. Then she notices that she can hear out of her left ear again and all her wounds and scars are gone. After they let her out she finds out that Peeta is fine and there is going to be a last interview. So she goes with Cinna to get ready. He puts her in a yellow dress with flats and a head band to go for a more innocent look. When she meets Haymitch he tells her the capitol is furious because she showed them up in the arena. And she is to say that she was so madly in love that wasn’t in control of her actions. She said ok and got into her position. When she got on stage she saw Peeta and ran into his arms and they started kissing. And finally Caesar told them they had to start the show. And after the interview President Snow came out with a metal for each of them. Even though he had a smile on his face his eyes were filled with unforgiving rage. And the next day they had another interview. And they showed the clips of when Peeta and Katniss were in the cave and everything. And then Katniss found out that Peeta had to get a new artificial leg. She freaked out and started saying it was her fault. After the interview they took a walk along the train. When Haymitch told them keep up the good work Peeta didn’t know what he meant. So Katniss told him that Haymitch had told her to act like she was in love him. Peeta was furious and stormed back to the train. But right before they stopped in district 12 he told her one more time for the cameras. His voice wasn’t angry but it was hollow. So Katniss grabbed his hand tightly dreading the time she would have to let go. The End 1. I loved the novel because it was exciting, suspenseful, and this book makes you about the future. 2. The main characters name is Katniss Everdeen. She is a strong independent girl who had to provide for her mother and little sister. But when she was in the hunger games she started having feelings for the bakers’ son Peeta Mellark. She is a good character for this story because in the beginning she had to be tough but then she changed she became more innocent and started to show her feelings more. 3. Yes because in the beginning she was all hard and tough and by the end she was more sensitive and showed her feelings more. 4. Yes, and the book was easy to comprehend because even though the plot was exciting and suspenseful it was simple wording and easy to understand. How to cite A Review of Hunger Games by Suzanne Collins, Essay examples

Fiv feline aids Essay Example For Students

Fiv feline aids Essay Feline Immunodeficiency VirusFeline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is one of the top five killers of domestic cats in the U.S. In fact 3% of healthy cats were reported to have contracted the disease in the year 1999. FIV is a fatal disease and interestingly enough most FIV cats dont die of the disease it self by by other infections caused by their lowed immune system. FIV causes a deficiency in the immune system and makes cats very susceptible to a huge variety of medical problems basically because they have no fighting power. Case Report:Signalment- Bella Smith; 4 year old S/F DMHChief Complaint- not eating, diarrhea, sudden unfriendlinessHistory- Owner says Bella has been acting unfriendly for about two weeks (e.g. wont let owner pet or hold her anymore, also she hides under the bed constantly) owner also says Bellas appetite has gone very low, she used to feed her one cup of dry every morning and one half a can of wet food at night and now she wont eat hardly any of either. Owner has seen diarrhea in litter box for 3 days. Bella had her kitten shots and boosters but no Hx of fiv/felv testing, deforming, fecal or blood analysis. S.O.A.P:S qar; mm=pink; poor coat w/ matted sectionsOt=103.6, p=44, r=48, CRT=; 4 sec., *** FIV/FeLV test positive (+) for FIV. A Bella is FIV+P* FIV tested +; *hospitalization for observation; *200 ml Normasol fluids SQ then *iv fluids @150ml/hr, 3 ml vit B complex added; urinalysis to be performed in a.m. after completion of fluid therapy. Feline Retro Virus Testing and ManagementCompendium magazine July 2001This article explains how to test for and care for FIV. The only way to prevent your cat from contracting FIV is by preventing contact with FIV infected cats. FIV testing is the best thing to do whenever your cat gets sick, no matter if they have tested negative for the disease before. Cats of all ages should be tested because it is so hard to know if your cat has come in contact with infected cats. Infected cats may remain symptomatic for years during which time they may serve as unapparent sources of infection to other cats in the household(Mary Tompkins, DVM, PhD). Basically if you have a cat, or cats, and u want to get another it is in the best interests of you and each one of the cats to be tested for FIV to ensure their heath and safety. The tests that are available to sense FIV detect antibodies directed against the virus. It usually takes 60 days after a cat is infected for a cat to develop these antibodies to test positive. The ELISA snap test is the most frequently used and preferred test on the market because of its speed and accuracy.Unfortunately there is no cure or treatment available for FIV. FIV -infected cats often live long lives and usually die of other infections caused by their lowed immune system. The disease causes the cats immune system to deteriorate so they are very susceptible to a huge number of secondary infections. Some examples include FeLV, chronic parasitism, incontinence, cryptococcosis, seizures, and many more. It is relatively simple to manage an infected cat; keep confined to indoors. It is also important to have regular check ups at least once a year but twice a year would be best. In addition, good nutrition and a well balanced diet are essential to keep any cat healthy. FIV FAQsCompo sed by the American Association of Feline PractitionersVirologists classify feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv) as a lentivirus, or a slow virus. FIV- infected cats are found world wide, but the commonness of infection is what varies. In the United States, about 1.5 to 3 percent of healthy cats are infected with FIV. Because bite wounds are the most effective means of infection, feral (stray) aggressive, male cats are the most frequently infected, at the same time as indoor only cats are much less likely to be infected. On rare occasions infected queens can pass the disease on to her kittens through placenta and/ or her milk. Although FIV is a lentivirus similar to HIV (the human immunodeficiency virus) and causes a disease in cats similar to AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) in humans, it is a highly species-specific virus that infects only felines. .uc7c3815ca526e5f7e9eb86b97756bfa5 , .uc7c3815ca526e5f7e9eb86b97756bfa5 .postImageUrl , .uc7c3815ca526e5f7e9eb86b97756bfa5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc7c3815ca526e5f7e9eb86b97756bfa5 , .uc7c3815ca526e5f7e9eb86b97756bfa5:hover , .uc7c3815ca526e5f7e9eb86b97756bfa5:visited , .uc7c3815ca526e5f7e9eb86b97756bfa5:active { border:0!important; } .uc7c3815ca526e5f7e9eb86b97756bfa5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc7c3815ca526e5f7e9eb86b97756bfa5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc7c3815ca526e5f7e9eb86b97756bfa5:active , .uc7c3815ca526e5f7e9eb86b97756bfa5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc7c3815ca526e5f7e9eb86b97756bfa5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc7c3815ca526e5f7e9eb86b97756bfa5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc7c3815ca526e5f7e9eb86b97756bfa5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc7c3815ca526e5f7e9eb86b97756bfa5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc7c3815ca526e5f7e9eb86b97756bfa5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc7c3815ca526e5f7e9eb86b97756bfa5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc7c3815ca526e5f7e9eb86b97756bfa5 .uc7c3815ca526e5f7e9eb86b97756bfa5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc7c3815ca526e5f7e9eb86b97756bfa5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Competing Ideologies Dual Federalism v Cooperative EssayAlthough infected cats can appear healthy for years the disease eventually leads to a state of immune deficiency that stops the cats ability to protect its self against other infections. Common signs of FIV can include some or all of the following: poor coat condition and persistent fever with a loss of appetite; gingivitis, stomatitis, and chronic infections of the skin, urinary bladder, and upper respiratory tract; persistent diarrhea; eye problems; weight loss. Unfortunately, many FIV-infected cats are not diagnosed until after they have lived for years with other cats. In such cases, all the other cats in the household should be tested, as well. Ideally, all infected cats should be separated from the noninfected ones to eliminate the potential for FIV transmission. If this is not possible-and if fighting or rough play is not taking place-the risk to the non-infected cats appears to be low. How should FIV-infected cats be managed?*** FIV-infected cats should be confined indoors to prevent spread of FIV infection to other cats in the neighborhood and to reduce their exposure to infectious agents carried by other animals. FIV-infected cats should be spayed or neutered. They should be fed nutritionally complete and balanced diets. Uncooked food, such as raw meat and eggs, and unpasturized dairy products should not be fed to FIV-infected cats because the risk of food-borne bacterial and parasitic infections is much higher in immunosuppressed c ats. Wellness visits for FIV-infected cats should be scheduled with your veterinarian at least every six months. Although a detailed physical examination of all body systems will be performed, your veterinarian will pay special attention to the health of the gums, eyes, skin, and lymph nodes. Your cats weight will be measured accurately and recorded, because weight loss is often the first sign of deterioration. A complete blood count, serum biochemical analysis, and a urine analysis should be performed annually. Vigilance and close monitoring of the health and behavior of FIV-infected cats is even more important than it is for uninfected cats. Alert your veterinarian to any changes in your cats health as soon as possible. There is no evidence from controlled scientific studies to show that immunomodulator, alternative, or antiviral medications have any positive benefits on the health or longevity of healthy FIV-infected cats. However, some antiviral therapies have been shown to bene fit some FIV-infected cats with seizures or stomatitis. What I learnedThe Feline Immunodeficiency Virus, sometimes called the Feline AIDS Virus, is likened to the AIDS virus, which affects humans. FIV has a worldwide distribution and it is estimated that 1 2% of cats are positive for the virus. Fortunately, these viruses are species specific that is an animal other than another cat cannot contract the virus from the infected cat. FIV is transmitted primarily through bite wounds that occur in catfights. Other interactions of cats, such as sharing common food and water bowls or grooming each other, have not been shown to be significant in transmission. The most common symptom is a severe infection affecting the gums around the teeth. Other symptoms include abscesses from fight wounds which would normally heal within a week or two may remain active for several months; respiratory infections may linger for weeks; weight loss and periods of not eating well; the hair coat may become scruffy; the cat may have episodes of treatment-resistant diarrhea; dehydration; and swollen lymph glands. Evidence of exposure to the FIV can be detected by a simple blood test by your veterinarian. Unfortunately, there appears to be no cure for this virus. However, the disease state can sometimes be treated with antibiotics or with drugs to stimulate the immune system restoring the cat to relatively good health. While the long-term prognosis is poor, infected cats may experience prolonged periods of reasonably good health and live reasonably long lives. .u16a1aa72ad7446fdbe9233d6a8c48d8d , .u16a1aa72ad7446fdbe9233d6a8c48d8d .postImageUrl , .u16a1aa72ad7446fdbe9233d6a8c48d8d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u16a1aa72ad7446fdbe9233d6a8c48d8d , .u16a1aa72ad7446fdbe9233d6a8c48d8d:hover , .u16a1aa72ad7446fdbe9233d6a8c48d8d:visited , .u16a1aa72ad7446fdbe9233d6a8c48d8d:active { border:0!important; } .u16a1aa72ad7446fdbe9233d6a8c48d8d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u16a1aa72ad7446fdbe9233d6a8c48d8d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u16a1aa72ad7446fdbe9233d6a8c48d8d:active , .u16a1aa72ad7446fdbe9233d6a8c48d8d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u16a1aa72ad7446fdbe9233d6a8c48d8d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u16a1aa72ad7446fdbe9233d6a8c48d8d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u16a1aa72ad7446fdbe9233d6a8c48d8d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u16a1aa72ad7446fdbe9233d6a8c48d8d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u16a1aa72ad7446fdbe9233d6a8c48d8d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u16a1aa72ad7446fdbe9233d6a8c48d8d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u16a1aa72ad7446fdbe9233d6a8c48d8d .u16a1aa72ad7446fdbe9233d6a8c48d8d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u16a1aa72ad7446fdbe9233d6a8c48d8d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Dont take EssayTo prevent passing of this virus it is recommended that male cats be neutered and your cat be kept indoors. There are no vaccines currently available to prevent the infection of this virus. BibliographyFIV FAQsPrepared by the American Association of Feline Practitioners and the Cornell Feline Health Center, Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York 14853-6401. The center is committed to improving the health of cats by developing methods to prevent or cure feline diseases and by providing continuing education to veterinarians and cat owners. Much of that work is made possible by the financial support of friends. 2003 by Cornell Feline Health Center. All rights reserved. Cornell University is an equal opportunity, affirmative action educator and employer. Feline Retro Virus Testing and ManagementCompendium magazine July 2001*** How should FIV- infected cats be managed? Macy, Dennis. The cat: diseases and clinical management, 2nd edition, Robert Sherding editing, Churchill Livingston, NY, 1994

Systems Planning

Question: Describe about the Systems Planning. Answer: Introduction Like we all know that in todays era of information technology, there is no sector in any industry that is not touched and impacted. The impact is positive in majorly all of the sectors, including hospitals. For healthcare sectors, there is a health informatics element, known as Hospital information system (HIS), which majorly focuses on all administrational related needs of hospitals. On similar grounds, for My State Hospital as well it is necessary as well as beneficial to implement smart handheld devices system as an effective interface to HIS, in order to improve the business process. In this part of the plan to implement such system in the hospital, we will discuss the information and communication technologies infrastructure that would be required for implementation of the plan. We will also discuss the implementation methodology and comprehensive costing and risk analysis alongside a roadmap to highlight the step of implementation. Requirement of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) Infrastructure With the development of information and communication technologies (ICTs), it has become possible to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of administration related tasks within the hospital to relocate hospital services from its office locations closer to its patients, such as cyber cafes or personal computers. As a plan to bring implementation of smarter tools for My State Hospital, we require a stable, properly secured and an optimized ICT infrastructure, comprising the following appropriate elements: Base - For backup and archiving: To secure the data we would need to create the backup of all the data to be implemented on the ICT infrastructure (Olsen, 1999). For creating the backup and archiving the data, we plan to use one and/or all of the following data centers: Servers and data switch boards UPS Access Control System CCTV Data Connection Iaas/Paas: To make the data accessible the end user and the staff of MY State hospital, we would require connecting the data and our servers with the locally available servers. And for this, we would require the connection with local data networks such as LAN/WAN, WiFi, and/or VolP. The third step before making the data available and accessible to the end users, who are patients and the hospital staff, we would need to give ICT virtualization to the data. For this, we would require storage spaces on the local drive, servers to connect audience with the data, databases and middleware from where the data will be available to the end user easily and web servers to create backup of the data in safe and secure form, so that it can be retrieved during later stage if needed (Sharp Salter, 1997). The last step would be to make this data available to the end user. And for this, we would clearly require the notebooks, desktops and workstation and or smart drive to the staff of My State Hospital, so in case if any patient would like the staff to have access of their data and provide any information, the staff should not be deprive of the resources and or the knowledge about stable and optimized usage of ICT infrastructure, that would be implemented in the My State Hospital. An established, optimized and properly protected ICT infrastructure, consisting of correct elements, is the requirement of the proper operation of important information system has the following key features: Proper technology Optimal processes Continuity of operations Sustainable cost Methodology to be followed for System Implementation As a part of our plan to improve the technology services at My State Hospital, we have come up with a plan for system implementation. The process is split into various steps or phases to help decrease the disruption to the business of My State hospital. The following steps are an example of how are planning to approach the system implementation: Initiation: We are currently in this phase of system implementation. After the go ahead a project manager will be assigned to who will help us in designing the plan of how the system will be implemented in My State Hospital. There will be recommendation from the project manager about what approach would best fulfils the needs of the business. He will also determine whether or not the implementation project should be divided into phases. A project plan will also be created and shared with the management of My State Hospital for them to have a constant eye and understanding of progress at each stage (Reel, 1999). Installation of Software: as simple as the name suggests, the second step would include the installation of the software on the hardware of My State Hospital. Solution Design: after the installation of the software the team working under the project manager will present the product at the hospitals workshop and the decision related to the design of the solution will be made. As a part of this, two documents will also be made: Solution design document this will a document which will require a sign off from the management of My State Hospital, which is ensure that the design is clear and accepted by the client. System Design Document This document will be used to build the solution in the systems of My State Hospital. System Configuration: The solution will be configured in the test environment in adherence to the system design document. Migration of data: This step of phase would require a careful planning and the system of data migration and responsibilities will be defined by the project manager for each of the migration steps. It will be the sole decision of the project manager to break the data migration process into whatever number of steps (Scott, 1999); however this will also depend on the legacy system, transfer of data, timing of the migration and availability of the resources that My State Hospital would provide. User Training: this would be one of the most important stages of the complete process. The training will be provided to the entire staff of My State Hospital with a special focus on the specific requirement of the user. Testing of User Acceptance: Post the training, a team of experts will be set-up to test the user acceptance of the new system that will be implemented. This team will provide the constant support to the users. Go Live: A handholding support will be provided by the project manager and his team to make to system go-live and constant support will also be provided. Reviews of the Project: This will be most important stage of the complete process, as it is the opportunity where the users will highlight any issues faced by them and/or if there are any scope of improvement in the system. Cost Factors Involved in System Implementation As a part of system migration and implementation, My State Hospital would have to bear few expenses. The expenses will help the hospital improve its system to a definitely advanced version. Following would be the costs included in the process of system migration: Employee Costs: This would include the complete cost of employees to be included in the process of system migration from the beginning. The cost will be associated with the cost of project managers, the team set up to implement the system or upload the software in the hardware of My State Hospital. Equipment Costs: With the system up gradation or system migration, there comes an amount which would be a mandate to spend on the equipments, needed for the process. System Migration Cost: Migration of system is an expensive process and requires a lot of licensing before this is done. And these licenses come with cost, which the hospital would have to bear. Communication Cost: Communication is an important part of any changes happening in any organization. On similar grounds, My State Hospital will also have to pass the communication or the message to its employees and or the patients, who would be using the interface or the system. The communication would have some cost attached to it, which the hospital would have to include in its expenses or expenditures of the year. Other Financial Costs: These would include all the miscellaneous costs or expenses related to the system implementation project. There could not any fixed costs attached to this head; therefore it would be difficult for the hospital to predict this cost. Hence, it would be better if My State Hospital keeps a little extra amount in its kitty to meet the miscellaneous expenses. All in all these would be major forms of costs or expenses the hospital would have to bear to start as well as complete the process of system implementation. Other than this, the complete expenditure cost should also include depreciation of hardware, savings of the staff and various assumptions and restriction statements related to workers and operations (Hoffman, 2005). Risks Related to System Implementation The identification of risks related to system implementation has been a matter of research (Jiang, 1996; Zmud, 1980). For the project or system implementation to become successful, risks are needed or required to decreased or eliminated. We can also say that to maximize the scope of success, risks related to the tasks must be decreased to the least (Barki, 1993; Jiang Klein, 1999). Following could be the risk factors that might be faced by My State Hospital. These risks should be taken care in order to decrease the chances of project failure: Lack of alignment of the system implementation project and the process currently followed by My State Hospital In order to make the system implementation project a success, the hospital needs to make sure that there are no gaps in the process of system implementation and the process thee hospital follows currently. Loss in the Control due to Transfer of Decision Making There could be chances that during the transfer of decision making process the hospital could lose the control on the data management system they are currently using (Staw,1987) . This could be one big factor of data spoliation, which is why there must be a proper control on the data, before implementing any plan of system migration. Complexity of the Project Since system implementation would be a new project for My State Hospital, there could be the chances that the users might not understand the usage of the system and it turns out to be complex system, which might end up scrapping the project altogether (Davenport, 2000). To avoid this, the hospital should do the regular communication sessions with the user, to receive their views and implement those in the project to avoid any complexity during the later stage. References: Olsen, F. (1999): Delays, Bugs, and Cost Overruns Plague PeopleSofts Services, The Chronicle of Higher Education, 24 September: A32, A33-34, A36 Reel, J. (1999): Critical Success Factors in Software Projects, IEEE Software, vol.16, n.3: 18-33. J. (1999): The FoxMeyer Drugs Bankruptcy: Was it a Failure of ERP?, Proceedings of AMCIS 1999 Americas Conference on Information Systems: 223-225. Sharp, D.J.; Salter, S.B. (1997): Project Escalation and Sunk Costs: A Test of The International Generalizability of Agency and Prospect Theories, Journal of International Business, vol.28, n.1: 101-122. Staw, B. (1976): Knee-Deep in the Big Muddy: A Study of Escalating Commitmentto a Chosen Course of Action, Organizational Behavior and Human Performance,vol.16, n.1: 27-44. Staw, B. (1981): The Escalation of Commitment to a Course of Action, Academy of Management Review, vol.6, n.4: 577-587. Staw, B.; Ross, J. (1987): Behavior in Escalations Decisions: Antecedents, Prototypes, and Solutions, In Cummings, L.L.; Staw, B. (Eds): Research In Organizational Behavior. JAI Press. Greenwich, Conn. Cameron, D.P.; Meyer, L.S. (1998): Rapid ERP Implementation A Contradiction, Management Accounting (USA), vol.80. Clemons, C. (1998): Successful Implementation Of An Enterprise System: A Case Study, Proceedings of the AIS Conference Americans, Baltmore Maryland: 109-110. Collett, S. (1999): SAP: Whirlpools rush to go live led to shipping snafus, 0,1199,NAV47_STO29365,00.html Davenport, T.H. (July/August 1998): Putting the Enterprise into the Enterprise System, Harvard Business Review, vol.76, n.4: 121-133. Davenport, T.H. (2000): Mission Critical: Realizing The Promise Of Enterprise Systems. Harvard Business School Press. Boston, MA Deutsch, C.H. (1998): Some Tips On Avoiding the Pain, The New York Times. November 8. Glover, S.M.; Prawitt, D.F.; Romney, M.B. (February 1999): Implementing ERP, Internal Auditor: 40-47.